The characteristics of Raku tea bowls as pioneered by Chôjirô are their exclusive use of monochrome black or red glazes - in marked contrast to the brightness of the san cai wares from which they evolved - and an unique aesthetic which aims at the elimination of movement, decoration and variation of form. In this Raku wares reflect more directly than any other kind of ceramic the ideals of wabicha, the form of tea ceremony based on the aesthetics of wabi advocated by Sen Rikyu. Central to the philosophy of wabicha were notions of "nothingness" deriving from Zen Buddhism and the "isness" of Taoism. Raku wares are hand-formed rather than thrown on the wheel, which makes them very different from other kinds of Japanese ceramics. Hand-forming increase the potential for modelling and allows the spirit of the artist to speak through the finished work with particular directness and intimacy. Chôjirô, however, through his negation of movement, decoration and variation of form, went beyond the boundaries of individualistic expression and elevated the tea bowl into a manifestation of abstract spirituality.Chôjirô's elimination of movement, decoration and variation of form and his delving beyond the boundaries of individualistic expression manifested themselves in works of monochromatic silence. To deliberately negate attempt at any formative expression is, as if creativity tries to go beyond the act of creation itself, a paradoxical and extraordinary spiritual endeavour. What was Chôjirô trying to achieve? What are we to understand from his attainments? 400 years later, the issues of spirituality and artistic consciousness addressed by Chôjirô are as valid and relevant as ever.